INTRODUCTION
Imam
Ahmad Ibn Hambal was born in Rabi` Awwal AH 164 (November 780 CE). Imam Ahmad
belongs a noble house of Bani Shayban in Baghdad. His father passed away before
his birth. His mother took care of him and brought him up in the most proper
manner. She was keen that he learns the different disciplines of knowledge
prevalent at that time. So, he memorized the Noble Qur'an and applied himself
enthusiastically to the knowledge of Hadith. He would get up at dawn to be the
first student to attend the knowledge circle of hissheikh. During his teens, he
joined the circle of Abu Yusuf, a disciple of Imam Abu Hanifah and the first
person to hold the post of Chief Judge.
He
was a distinguished child known for his piety, cleanliness and asceticism.
Once, his uncle sent him with several documents containing information about
some people to the Caliph's office. Ahmad took those papers and did not see his
uncle for a long time. When his uncle eventually met him, he asked him about
the documents and discovered that Ahmad – who was then a boy – did not deliver
them. When asked why, Ahmad replied: "I wouldn’t hand in those reports,
and I have thrown them in the sea!" To this, his uncle replied: "This
little boy fears Allah so much! What then of us?" Thus, Ahmad refused to
act as an informant, even on behalf of his uncle, due to the fear of Allah that
had been instilled in his heart from such a young age.
Imam
Ahmad started his education at the early age of 15.When he was 15,he managed to
memorize Al-Quran.Since then,he started memorize Hadith of Prophet Muhammad
SAW.Abu Zur’ah said that Imam Ahmad memorize 12 kitab,million of hadiths.Imam
Shafiee describe about Imam Ahmad that ” I left Baghdad and did not leave
behind me anyone more virtuous, more learned, more knowledgeable than Ahmad ibn
Hambal.”
He
was chiefly interested in acquiring knowledge of hadith and traveled
extensively through Iraq, Syria, Arabia and other places in the Middle East
studying religion and collecting the ahadeeth of Prophet Muhammad SAW. His
travels occupied several years of his early life.After returning home, he
became a student of Imam Shafi’ee who taught him the subject of Islamic Fiqh
and its fundamentals. This and the fact that he was a scholar of hadith, were
responsible for his deep devotion to the textual views on Islam, and his
opposition to innovation of any kind.The strength of his faith in Allah and the
steadfastness on his understanding of the Deen were tested when under Khalifah
al-Mamum and the Khalifah al-Mu’tasim, a Fitnah or a kind of ‘inquisition
court’ was created to deal with people among whom were many acknowledged
scholars who would not profess the doctrine of “the creation of the Qur’an”.
Imam ibn Hambal too, suffered as a result when he was arrested and brought in
chains before the court. But he patiently submitted to corporal punishment and
imprisonment and resolutely refused to deviate from his beliefs.
Imam
Ahmad being know good in strong in memorization. This show based on a story
from Abu Zur’ah.”O Abu Zur’ah,who is stronger in memorization? You or Ahmad bin
Hambal?.He answered “Ahmad” .”How do you know?”.Abu Zur’ah answered “I found
that in front of his kitab,no names of person who writes Hadith,because he
memorize all the names,while I not affordable to do it. Abu Zur’ah also states
that “Imam Ahmad bin Hambal memorize 1 million of hadiths”.
Imam
Ahmad became the leading authority on the Orthodox doctrine of Islam, which
represented the first three blessed generations of Islam, untainted with
foreign dogmas. Ahmad’s doctrinal influence can be measured by the fact that,
out of the four traditional schools, the Hambali school alone maintained its
own theological view, unlike the Hanafi school which adopted the Maturidi
doctrine, or the Shafi’i and Maliki schools that adopted the Ash’ari doctrine.
The secret for this was the depth and length at which Ahmad spoke in matters of
theology, due to the prevailing unorthodoxy in his age, headed by the
Mu’tazilites. Due to this it is noted that there have been, in comparison to
other schools, very few Hambalis who inclined towards unorthodox views, for the
copious volume of narrations from Imam Ahmad dealing with specific issues of
doctrine made it extremely difficult for his followers to adhere to any other,
yet still.
His
circle was unspeakably splendid. It attracted seekers of knowledge, scholars,
as well as judges of different classes and ranks. Imam Ahmad attended this
circle for four years. He recorded in writing all what he learned there, which
formed a great amount of papers. He also used to attend the circle of Imam
Hasheem ibn Basheer As-Solamy, the grand scholar of Hadith in Baghdad.
Moreover, whenever he heard that a knowledgeable scholar came to Baghdad, he
would seek to acquire knowledge from him.
In
this regard, he learned from the great scholars Na`eem ibn Hammad, Abdul-Rahman
ibn Mahdi, and `Umayr ibn Abdullah ibn Khaled. Ibn Hanbal was famously called
before the Inquisition of the Abassid Caliph al-Ma'mun - known as the mihna.
Al-Ma'mun wanted to assert the religious authority of the Caliph by forcing the
top scholars of the time to admit that the Qur'an was created rather than
uncreated. Ahmad ibn Hambal was one of the few scholars to refuse to back down
to the Caliph, setting the train in motion for the increasing power of the
ulama in deciding questions of law and theology.
A
scant reading of the Islamic history illustrates that the Hambalis are known
for having an outstanding character, fearlessness and eagerness for enjoining the
good and forbidding the evil, with Imam Ahmad setting the precedence by
remaining steadfast during the inquisition. After the demise of Imam Ahmad, the
Hambalis grew stronger in Baghdad, and as Ibn ‘Asakir notes, they would patrol
the streets, during which, if they noticed a man with an unrelated woman, they
would report him to the police; or if they noticed a musical instrument or a
bottle of alcohol, they would smash it.
Al-Khiraqi,
who was the first Hanbali scholar to write a Fiqh manual, died after being
severely beaten while attempting to combat evils in Damascus. Ibn Taymiyah
would likewise patrol the streets with his students, during which, if they
noticed anyone playing chess they disrupt the game; or if they saw utensils of
alcohol or musical instruments, they would smash them. Ibn Taymiyah was also
greatly admired for his fearless encounter with the ruthless Mongolian invader
of Damascus, Qazan; as he is also remembered for his frequent imprisonment for
in defense of the orthodox doctrine.
A KNOWLEDGE-SEEKER
Seekers
of knowledge at the time were known for their journeys in the pursuit of
religious knowledge, especially Hadith. Regardless of the high cost and
distance of this kind of journeys, seekers of knowledge would travel throughout
the Muslim World where the eminent jurists and scholars of Hadith live to
acquire knowledge.
Imam
Ahmad commenced his blessed journey in the pursuit of Hadith in AH 186 (802 CE)
at the age of 22. He went to Basra, Koufa, Ar-Riqqa, Yemen, and Al-Hijaz (i.e.,
Makkah and Madinah) where he met a number of prominent and great scholars and
jurists of the Ummah, such as Yahya ibn Sa`id Al-Qattan, Abu Dawud At-Tayalisi,
Waki` ibn Al-Jarraah, Abu Mu`awiyah Ad-Darir, Sufyan ibn `Uyainah, and
Ash-Shafe`i. He dedicated himself to studying at the hands of Ash-Shafe`i for a
period of time, during which he learned fiqh(Islamic jurisprudence) and its
principles.
He
was such a devout seeker of knowledge that Imam Ash-Shafe`i said about him that
there was no one in Baghdad that was more knowledgeable in religion and
skillful in memorizing hadiths than Imam Ahmad. His great passion for seeking
Hadith made him bear every difficulty willingly. Despite his great knowledge
and high status among eminent scholars, he proceeded to seek knowledge from
others. Though his sheikhs and colleagues attested to the ample knowledge he
possessed, he did not feel embarrassed at all to sit among students to receive
knowledge from others. Seeing Imam Ahmad holding the inkwell by means of which he
would write what he learned a contemporary of him commented, "O father of
Abdullah, [You sit among students] despite the high level of knowledge you have
reached. You are the imam of Muslims [in knowledge]!" The reply of Imam
Ahmad came thus: "With the ink well [I stay] till I go to the
grave."
A
TEACHER
It
is worth noting that Imam Ahmad took the seat of teaching and issuing fatwa in
Baghdad in AH 204 (819 CE), which was the same year Imam Ash-Shafe`i died. Imam
Ahmad was thus a great successor to an eminent predecessor. He used to have two
knowledge-imparting circles: a special one at his home for his keen students
and a general one in the mosque following the `Asr Prayer for ordinary people
and knowledge-seekers in general.
Imam
Ahmad would deal heartily with his students and would describe their inkwells
with which they recorded what he imparted to them of hadiths as the lambs of
Islam. Furthermore, he was so honest and meticulous in reporting hadiths that
he never reported a hadith unless it was from a written source, though he was
highly noted for his sharp memory. It is also worth mentioning that Imam Ahmad
memorized about million narrations from the Companions and Tab`in (first
generation after Prophet Muhammad).
A
number of keen students who studied at Imam Ahmad's circles for a good and long
time spread his knowledge and jurisprudence everywhere. Most eminent among them
was Abu Bakr Al-Maruzy, who was close to the imam and most liked by him on
account of his knowledge, superior morality, truthfulness, and integrity. Imam
Ahmad said about him, "Whatever he [Al-Maruzy] reports me as saying is
truly said by me." Also, among the students of Imam Ahmad were Abu Bakr
Al-Athram, Ishaq ibn Mansur At-Tamimi, Ibrahim ibn Ishaq Al-Harbi, Al-Bukhari,
Muslim, Abu Dawud, and Baqi ibn Makhlad.
HIS
SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
1)
He would believe in the description that Allah gave to himself in the Quran, or
inspired the Prophet with, and affirm them at their face value (Dhahir), while
generally negating any resemblance between the Creator and the creation.
2)
He would vigorously reject negative theology (Ta’til), as well as allegorical
exegesis (Ta’wil), with respect to belief in Allah, which was heavily employed
by the Jahmites, Mu’tazilites and the Kullabites (later to be known as the
Ash’arites) to justify their philosophical approach to God.
3)
He believed that Allah Speaks with letters and sound, for he believed every
word and letter of the Quran to be the word of Allah, contrary to the
Kullabites, who, in their opposition to the Mu’tazilites, affirmed eternal
Speech for Allah, yet still agreed with them in that they believed that the
Quran, which is composed of letters, was created.
4)
He believed that Allah literally Hears and Sees; that He has two Hands with
which He created Adam; that Allah has a Face
5)
He believed that Allah literally Rose over the Throne after Creating the
heavens and the Earth in six days.
6)
He believed that Allah is High above and distinct from His creation
7)
He believed that Allah is all Knowing, All Wise, All Power and All Able, and
that Allah has His own Will, He Does what He likes out of His Wisdom. Whatever
Allah has Written and Decreed upon His creation, must come to pass. Nothing
leaves His knowledge, or happens without His Permission or Will.
8)
He believed that Allah becomes Pleased when obeyed and Displeased when
disobeyed.
9)
He would regard the Jahmiyah (followers of al-Jahm ibn Safwan), and the Rafidha
(the Imami Shias) who curse the Companions, to be disbelievers (Kuffar).
10)
He held that the sinners amongst the Muslims are under the threat of Allah's
punishment; that if He wishes He may Punish them or Forgive them; Contrary to
theKhawarij. He would not declare a Muslim to be a disbeliever (Kafir) on
account of his sins, nor would he exclude actions from Iman unlike the Murjia.
Once he was asked about those who declare their belief in the five pillars of
Islam, yet refuse to perform them; he said, in reply, they are disbelievers
(Kuffar).
11)
He believed in the miracles that occurred at the hands of the Awliya (pious
Muslims) as a favour from Allah.
12)
He believed that Abu Bakr is the best of the Companions, followed by Umar, then
the six companions chosen by the latter as Ashab al-Shura (members of Shura
council): Uthman, Ali, al-Zubair, Talha, ‘Abd al-Rahman b. ‘Awf and Sa’d b. Abi
Waqqas; followed by the fighters of Badr from the Emigrants (Muhajirin) and
then the Helpers (Ansar).
13)
He prohibited discussions on the differences between the Companions or dislike
of any of them; for the honour of Companionship with the Prophet – SallAllahu
‘alaihi wa-sallam – is sufficient a virtue to rank them higher than the entire
Muslim Ummah until the end of time.[6]
IMAM
AHMAD HAS 5 BASIC JURISTIC PRINCIPLES
Divine
text (Nass) from the Quran and the Sunnah was the first point of reference for
all scholars of jurisprudence, and in this, Ahmad was not an exception.
Whenever he noticed a divine textual evidence for an issue, he never referred
to other sources, opinions of the Companions, scholars or resorted to
analogical deduction (Qiyas).
Verdicts
issued by the Companions were resorted to when no textual evidence was found in
the Quran or the Sunnah. The reasons for ranking the verdicts of the Companions
after the Quran and the Sunnah are obvious: The Companions witnessed the
revelation of the Quran, and its implementation by the Prophet – SallAllahu
‘alaihi wa-sallam, who advised the Ummah to adhere to the rightly-guided
caliphs, hence, the Companions ought to have a better understanding than the
latter generations.Imam Ahmad, would likewise, never give precedence to a
scholarly opinion or analogical deduction (Qiyas) over that of the Companions’,
to the extent that if they were divided into two camps over an issue, two
different narrations would similarly be documented from Imam Ahmad.
In
a case where the Companions differed, he preferred the opinion supported by the
divine texts (Nass). In instances where none of the above was applicable, Ahmad
would resort to the Mursal Hadith (with a link missing between the Successor
and the Prophet – SallAllahu ‘alaihi wa-sallam) or a weak Hadith. However, the
type of weak Hadith that Ahmad relied on was such that it may be regarded as
‘fair’ Hadith due to other evidences (Hasan li Ghairihi), not the type that is
deemed very weak and thus unsuitable as an evidence for Law. This was due to
the fact that, during his time, the Hadith was only categorised into ‘sound’
(Sahih) and ‘weak’ (Dha’if). It was only after Ahmad, that al-Tirmidhi
introduced a third category of ‘fair’ (Hasan). Only
after having exhausted the aforementioned sources would Imam Ahmad employ
analogical deduction (Qiyas) due to necessity, and with utmost care.
THE TRIAL
Imam
Ahmad faced a serious trial that he bore steadfastly. He refused to make any
concessions in the process. The trial began when Caliph Al-Ma'moun declared in
AH 218 (833 CE) his call to consider the Qur'an a creature like all creatures.
Many jurists were forced under torture to agree. But Ahmad and Muhammad ibn
Noah refused to succumb. As a consequence, they were fettered and sent to
Baghdad to stand before Caliph Al-Ma'moun.
While
they were on their way to him, the caliph passed away, so they were returned to
Baghdad fettered. On the way back to Baghdad, Muhammad ibn Noah died. But
before his death, he advised his companion, Imam Ahmad, saying, "You are a
man that people take as a role model. They are now waiting to see how you will
act [in this trial]. So, be mindful of Almighty Allah and remain steadfast for
His sake." Imam Ahmad acted upon his companion's advice and stood up for
his beliefs. He was imprisoned for more than two years. Then he was carried to
Caliph Al-Mu`tasim, who followed in the footsteps of his late brother,
Al-Ma'moun.
The
carrot-and-stick approach was used with Imam Ahmad in the presence of the
caliph and his gathering in an attempt to gain a single word from him in
support of their allegation about the Qur'an being a creature. They would ask
him, "What do you say about the Qur'an? Is it a creature?" And his
only reply was "It is Allah's word." With the persistent attempts by
the caliph to win him over, the Imam would get more determined. When despair
seized them, they hang him from the heels.
They
would whip him without the least prick of conscience that they were whipping an
innocent and guiltless individual, let alone that he was a pious scholar whom
people take as a role model. They showed no mercy in lashing his infirm body
with turns of their harsh whips. He fainted as a result of the flogging and was
released and returned home. During the era of Caliph Al-Wathiq (AH 227–232
[841–847 CE]), Imam Ahmad was forbidden to address people in a gathering. He
was allowed to go out only for prayer. Circumstances changed, however, when
Al-Mutawakkil assumed the Caliphate. He banned the opinion saying that the
Qur'an is a creature and restored to Imam Ahmad his esteem and status.Upon
that, Imam Ahmad resumed his teaching circles in the mosque.
HIS
BOOKS
Hanbali
Books on Theology Since Hanbalism is as much a school of theology as it is a
school of Law, the Hanbali theologians have contributed several works, at
various intervals in history, representing the doctrine of Ahmad b. Hanbal.
Imam Ahmad himself played a leading role in authoring books on doctrine, such
as the Kitab al-Sunnah (Book of Sunnah) and al-Rad 'Ala al-Zanadiqah wa
al-Jahmiyah (The refutation of the Heretics and the Jahmis). Apart from these
two works, Imam Ahmad wrote several letters addressed to some of his
contemporaries, explaining the orthodox creed, found in the Tabaqat of Ibn Abi
Ya'la, although not all of the letters are authentic. The most famous among his
books are: Kitaabul A'maal, Kitaabut Tafseer, Kitaabul Naasikh wal Mansookh,
Kitaabul Zahid, Kitaabul Masaa'il, Kitaabul Fadaa'il and Kitaabul Mansiq. His
most famous book is his "MUSNAD", a kitab in which he collected about
50 000 to 70 000 Ahadith.
Subsequently,
the students of Imam Ahmad in particular, and the rest of his followers,
continued to contribute works in theology. Several Hanbalis authored books, in
the footsteps of their Imam, with a common title: Kitab al-Sunnah, such as
al-Athram, ‘Abdullah (the son of Imam Ahmad), Hanbal ibn Ishaq (the cousin of
Imam Ahmad), al-Khallal. Some of the important manuals on doctrine accepted by
the mainstream Hanbalis include: Lum’at al-I’tiqad by Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi,
al-I’tiqad by al-Qadhi Abu Ya’la, al-Iqtisad fi al-I’tiqad by ‘Abd al-Ghani
al-Maqdisi, and various treatise written by Ibn Taymiyah, such as al-Wasitiyah
and al-Tadmurriyah, as well as his close student Ibn al-Qayyim, such as his
famous Nuniyah, an ode rhyming in the letter Nun.
It
is worthy to note that many works on theology by some Hanbalis were reactionary
to the Hanbali-Ash’ari feud, such as al-Radd ‘Ala al-Asha’irah (Rebuttal of the
Ash’arites) by Ibn al-Hanbali, and by Abul-Wafa Ibn ‘Aqil with the same title.
Another example of such work is Ibtal al-Ta'wilat li Akhbar al-Sifat (Negation of
the Allegorical Interpretations of the Traditions Pertaining to Divine
Attributes) by al-Qadhi Abu Ya’la, which came is a rebuttal of the book Mushkil
al-Hadith wa Bayanuhu (The Problematic Traditions and their Interpretations) by
Ibn Furak, the Ash’ari theologian and a traditionist, who compiled the afore
mentioned book, giving allegorical interpretations to divine texts that seemed
problematic according to Ash’ari principles; and al-Munadhara fi al-Quran ma’a
Ahl al-Bid’ah (The Debate Regarding the Quran with Some Heretics), by the great
Hanbali jurist, Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi, where he relates his violent discourse
with his contemporaries from the Ash’aris, whom he refers to as ‘Heretics’,
about the nature of the Quran contained in a book-form (Mushaf), whether it is
created or uncreated.
Other
Hanbalis, although they did not author books dedicated to doctrine, they did,
however, include sections of doctrine in books of Fiqh and Suluk (ethics).
Al-Ghunya, by Abdul-Qadir al-Jilani – a famous Hanbali jurist and the founder
of the Qadiri Sufi order – is for the most part, a manual in ethics and
morality, yet it begins with a thorough presentation of the Hanbali doctrine,
which paints al-Jilani as an ardent follower of the mainstream Hanbalism, and
an avowed antagonist of the Ash’aris. Hanbali Books on Fiqh The first manual in
Fiqh, as mentioned earlier was the famous al-Mukhtasar by al-Khiraqi, which has
remained up until this day, from the most important introductory works on
Hanbali Fiqh, with its commentary par excellence, al-Mughani by Ibn Qudama.
Al-Majd Ibn Taymiyah, who was the grandfather of the famous Hanbali theologian
and jurist, Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyah, was considered to be one of the great
authorities in the school, along with Ibn Qudama, such that if the two Sheikhs
agreed upon an issue, it would be considered the reliable opinion (mu’tamad) in
the school.
Al-Majd
Ibn Taymiyah authored his famous and reliable Fiqh manual called al-Muharrar fi
al-Fiqh. Ibn Qudama played a key role in developing a Hambali curriculum of
Fiqh for all levels of students. He wrote a preparatory manual for the
beginners called al-‘Umdah, with the objective of developing an all-round
surface understanding of jurisprudence, without confusing the student with
difference of opinion within the school. For the students at an intermediate
level, he authored al-Muqni’, aimed at training the students at exercising
preference (tarjih) upon conflicting opinions (ta’arudh) within the school.
For
the next level, he authored al-Kafi, with the goal of acquainting the student
with the sources of the Law, and the methodology for extrapolating rules from
the revelation. Al-Mughni (lit. rich), which is a commentary on al-Mukhtasar by
al-Khiraqi, was compiled for the advanced students, to familiarize them with
the difference of opinion and the respective arguments, beyond the school, even
surpassing the four traditional schools. The aforementioned book, al-Muqni’ by
Ibn Qudama had received two main important commentaries: al-Sharh al-Kabir (the
Great Commentary) by al-Muwaffaq Ibn Qudama’s nephew, Shams al-Din Ibn Qudama
al-Maqdisi; and al-Insaf by the famous Hambali jurist and judge, ‘Ala al-Din
al-Mardawi. These two commentaries have remained popular amongst post-Ibn
Qudama generations up until today.
Al-Muqni’,
also has a very popular abridgment by the famous Hambali jurist Sharf al-Din
Abu al-Naja al-Hajjawi called: Zad al-Mustaqni’ fi Ikhtisar al-Muqni’. This
abridgement became particularly famous amongst the Hanbalis from Najd, where it
is regarded as the primer to the Madhab. The most common and widely accepted
commentary on Zad was written by the Egyptian Hanbali jurist, Mansur b. Yunus
al-Buhuti called: al-Rawdh al-Murbi’, which was further commented on by the
Najdi-Hanbali jurist, ‘Abd al-Rahman b. Muhammad b. Qasim. The latter
commentary, which is informally known as Hashiyat Ibn Qasim is regarded to be
one of the greatest contributions to the school in the modern times. Another invaluable
contribution to the school has been al-Sharh al-Mumti’ ‘Ala Zad al-Mustaqni’,
by the famous and profound Hanbali jurist, theologian, traditionist, linguist
and a grammarian, Muhammad b. Salih al-‘Uthaimin. Al-Sharh al-Mumti’,
originally, was delivered as a series of lectures over the years, which was
then written, compiled and then published by his loyal students into volumes.
The
aforementioned author of Zad al-Mustaqni’ – al-Hajjawi, is also the author of
al-Iqna’ which serves today as a major reference work for verdicts (Ifta) in
Saudi Arabia, along with Muntaha al-Iradat by al-Futuhi. Both of these
voluminous manuals have been commented on by several authors. The most famous
of those commentaries are Kashaf al-Qina’ ‘An Matn al-Iqna’, which is a
commentary on al-Iqna’, and Sharh Muntaha al-Iradat, both by al-Buhuti.
HIS
DEATH
After
Imam Ahmad turned 77, he was struck with severe illness and fever, and became
very weak, yet never complaining about his infirmity and pain until he died. In
spite of his debilitation, he would urge his son, Salih b. Ahmad, to help him
stand up for prayer. When he was unable to stand, he would pray sitting, or
sometimes lying on his side.
After
hearing of his illness, the masses flocked to his door. The ruling family also
showed the desire to pay him a visit, and to this end sought his permission.
However, due to his desire to remain independent of any influence from the
authority, Imam Ahmad denied them access. Once during his illness, an old man entered
upon Imam Ahmad and reminded him of his account before Allah, to which Imam
Ahmad began to weep profusely. On another occasion, a man who partook in the
beatings inflicted on Imam Ahmad, came to Salih b. Ahmad, the son of the Imam,
and begged him to seek permission from his father to allow him to enter, for he
felt the guilt of his involvement in the suffering of the Imam.
When
he was finally given permission, he entered upon the Imam and wept, begging for
his forgiveness. Imam Ahmad forgave him on the condition that he would never
repeat his actions. The man left the Imam, and all those present, in tears.
‘Abdullah b. Ahmad b. Hanbal narrates, that while Imam Ahmad was on his death
bed, he kept drifting in and out of consciousness, and gesturing with his hands
saying: ‘No… No… No…’ When inquired about it, Ahmad replied: ‘The Devil was
standing near me, trying his hardest to mislead me, saying: ‘Come on, Ahmad!’,
and I was replying back: ‘No… No…’ On Friday, the 12 of Rabi' al-Awwal 241 AH,
the legendary Imam breathed his last.
The
news of his death quickly spread far and wide in the city and the people
flooded the streets to attend Imam Ahmad’s funeral. One of the rulers, upon
hearing the news, sent burial shrouds along with perfumes to be used for Imam
Ahmad’s funeral. However, respecting the Ahmad’s wishes, his sons refused the
offering and instead used a burial shroud prepared by his female servant.
Moreover, his sons took care not to use water from their homes to wash Imam
Ahmad as he had refused to utilize any of their resources, for accepting the
offerings of the ruler. After preparing his funeral, his sons prayed over him,
along with around 200 members of the ruling family, while the streets were
teeming with both men and women, awaiting the funeral procession. Imam Ahmad’s
funeral was then brought out and the multitudes continued to pray over him in
the desert, before and after his burial at his grave.
During
the trial of Imam Ahmad, he would often say: “Say to the heretics, the decisive
factor between us and you is the day of funerals”; meaning, the adherents to
the orthodox doctrine always have a good end, for they earn the love of Allah,
as well as the affection of the multitudes, and their death has a great impact
on people’s lives. This is exactly what took place in this instance, for it is
estimated that about 1 300 000 people attended his funeral. One of the scholars
said in relation to this that such a massive attendance at a funeral has never
been equalIed in the history of the Arabs, neither in the pre-Islamic era
(Jahiliyah) nor in Islam.
The
masses were engulfed in the genuine popular emotion, while the scene of his
grave became overwhelmed by such sentiments that the graveyard had to be
guarded by the civil authorities. Another scholar relates that when he attended
the funeral of Imam Ahmad, he wanted pray over him at his grave. But the crowds
were so awe-inspiring that he didn’t reach the grave until after a week. The
funerals of the famous opponents of Imam Ahmad, however, were in stark
contrast, which were not attended by more than a handful.
BAD
END OF INSTIGATORS OF IMAM AHMAD
The
funeral procession of the Ahmad ibn Abi Du’ad – the chief instigator of the
inquisition – went largely unnoticed, with none willing to carry his funeral to
the graveyard, except a few from the ruling family. Such was also the case with
al-Harith al-Muhasibi – a theologian and an ascetic – who, despite being a
bitter enemy of the Mu’tazilites, was still discredited by Imam Ahmad for his
interests in Kalam (speculative theology). Only three or four people prayed
over al-Muhasibi, and a similar fate met Bishr al-Mirrisi.
In
the Islamic history, Ahmad’s funeral is noted as the day when the Mu’tazilite
doctrine was brought to a decisive and a humiliating end, whilst the Sunni
Islam and the Prophetic guidance were the order of the day. Ahmad’s death had
proven the ineffectiveness of the Caliph’s role in defining Islam, and further
unquestionably acknowledged that it were the scholars, rather than the Caliphs,
who were the true ‘inheritors of the Prophets’. Ahmad’s funeral was marked by
the multitudes flocking, and openly cursing al-Karabisi and al-Marrisi, the
chief heretics. This became a frequent practice amongst the subsequent Hambali
funerals throughout Islamic history, where the masses would rally behind
prominent Hambali funerals proclaiming: This day is for Sunnis and Hambalis!
Not Jahmis, Mu’tazilis or Ash’aris!
With
courtesy of the following references
[1] http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=1193&
[2]
http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/seerah/0040.htm
[3]
http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/seerah/0040.htm
[4]
http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=1193&
[5] www.Islamcan.com
[6] http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Hanbal
[7] Virtues of the Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal:
Abū al-Faraj ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʻAlī Ibn al-Jawzī
[8] Kitab al Iman, The concept of Imam
and related issue, by Ibni taymmiyag ahmad bin abdul Halim
No comments:
Post a Comment